The Foundations of Medical Care in Hospitality: An Existential Perspective

Introduction

The history of medical care is deeply rooted in the ancient notion of hospitality. From early civilizations to modern times, the principles of providing shelter, comfort, and aid have shaped the development of healthcare. This tradition of care, grounded in the ethical and moral duty to assist those in need, finds resonance in the existential philosophies of thinkers like Martin Heidegger and Rollo May. These philosophers highlight the intrinsic human capacity for “sorge” or care, which forms the basis for our interconnectedness and responsibilities towards others. Understanding the evolution of medical care through the lens of hospitality and existential thought offers profound insights into the role of caregivers today. Additionally, modern medical ethics emphasizes respect for the dignity and autonomy of patients, which further enriches this discussion. This essay will explore Heidegger’s concept of “sorge,” Rollo May’s integration of care in psychology, the tradition of hospitality in medical care, and the role of AI in enhancing autonomy and care.

Heidegger’s Concept of “Sorge”

The concept of “sorge,” central to Heidegger’s existential philosophy, refers to the fundamental structure of human existence characterized by care and concern. Heidegger posits that human beings are inherently “being-in-the-world,” always already engaged with their environment and others (Heidegger, 1962). This engagement is not merely practical but deeply existential, reflecting our intrinsic need to care for and relate to others. Heidegger argues that our very existence is defined by this care, as we are constantly concerned with our own being and the being of others. This foundational idea of care is crucial for understanding our responsibilities and relationships.

Rollo May’s Integration of Care in Psychology

Rollo May, building on Heidegger, emphasizes that acknowledging this inherent care is crucial for psychological health and well-being. In his seminal work, The Meaning of Anxiety, May explores how anxiety is a fundamental part of the human condition, arising from our awareness of existential threats and uncertainties (May, 1950). He argues that anxiety is not merely a clinical issue but a sign of our deeper existential concerns and care. According to May, addressing this anxiety involves embracing our capacity for care and responsibility, which can lead to greater psychological resilience and fulfilment (May, 1977).

The Tradition of Hospitality in Medical Care

The tradition of hospitality, which involves welcoming, providing for, and protecting guests, aligns seamlessly with the notion of “sorge.” In ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Rome, temples dedicated to healing gods also served as sanctuaries where the sick could receive care and comfort. These early forms of medical care were deeply rooted in the ethical and moral duties of hospitality. Similarly, during the medieval period, monastic hospitals in Europe provided comprehensive care to travellers, the poor, and the sick, reflecting the monastic commitment to hospitality. In the Islamic world, Bimaristans emerged as centers of medical excellence, grounded in principles of charity and care.

Modern Medical Care and Existential Ethics

As medical care evolved, these foundational principles of hospitality remained integral. The modern healthcare system, with its emphasis on patient-centred care, continues to reflect the ethos of hospitality. Hospitals and clinics strive to create environments that are welcoming and comforting, focusing on the holistic well-being of patients. This approach is reminiscent of the ancient tradition of hospitality, where the well-being of the guest (patient) was paramount.

Existentialist philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir have also contributed to the understanding of autonomy within the context of existential care. Sartre’s concept of “bad faith” (mauvaise foi) highlights the importance of authentic existence, where individuals acknowledge their freedom and responsibility to make meaningful choices (Sartre, 1943). Beauvoir expands on this by discussing how individuals must recognize and respect the freedom of others to achieve genuine autonomy and ethical relationships (Beauvoir, 1947). In healthcare, this translates to respecting patients’ decisions and supporting their autonomy as essential aspects of dignified care.

The Role of AI in Enhancing Autonomy and Care

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds significant potential to enhance patient autonomy and care by adopting a person-first approach. AI technologies can provide personalized diagnostics and treatment plans, improving the quality of care while respecting individual patient needs and preferences. Studies have shown that people increasingly prefer using AI for personalised medical advice. For instance, a survey by Accenture found that 78% of patients are comfortable with AI-based healthcare services, citing improved diagnostics and personalized care as key benefits (Accenture, 2020).

AI’s ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately allows for more precise and tailored treatment options. This personalization aligns with the existential and ethical emphasis on respecting patient autonomy and providing holistic care. By integrating AI, healthcare providers can revisit the essence of hospitality, ensuring that care remains compassionate, patient-centred, and responsive to individual needs.

Furthermore, AI can assist caregivers by alleviating administrative burdens, allowing them to focus more on direct patient interaction and emotional support. This integration of AI in healthcare not only enhances efficiency but also fosters a deeper connection between caregivers and patients, reinforcing the principles of “sorge” and hospitality.

Conclusion

To be in the care role of others today means embodying the principles of hospitality and existential care while also respecting the dignity and autonomy of patients. It involves recognizing the intrinsic interconnectedness of human beings and the responsibilities that come with it. Caregivers, whether in medical settings or otherwise, are tasked with providing not just physical treatment but also emotional and psychological support, reflecting a holistic approach to well-being. This role requires empathy, compassion, and a deep ethical commitment to the well-being of others. By embracing these principles, caregivers can fulfil their fundamental human duty, grounded in the ancient tradition of hospitality, the existential philosophy of care, and the modern ethical emphasis on dignity and autonomy. The practice of caregiving thus becomes a profound expression of our shared humanity and our enduring responsibility to care for one another. The integration of AI into healthcare offers a promising avenue to enhance this practice, providing personalized, efficient, and compassionate care that honours the foundational principles of hospitality and existential philosophy.

References

• Accenture. (2020). Digital Health Technology Vision 2020. Retrieved from Accenture
• Beauvoir, S. de. (1947). The Ethics of Ambiguity.
• Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time. (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row.
• May, R. (1950). The Meaning of Anxiety. Ronald Press.
• May, R. (1977). The Meaning of Anxiety (Revised Edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
• Sartre, J.-P. (1943). Being and Nothingness.